Multicultural Britain Essay

My task is to explain why people chose to immigrate to Britain, with reference to the period 1880 to the present day. Britain has been Multicultural for hundreds of years. There are the diverse cultures and languages of the people of Scotland, Wales, Ireland and England. Britain’s links with the commonwealth countries of the Caribbean, Anglophone Africa, Cyprus, Australia, New Zealand and the Indian subcontinent were established through trade and subsequent conquest and colonization. Around five per cent of Britain’s present population are from ethnic minorities. â€Å"Multicultural† can be a controversial term, associated with various ideas about racial and cultural identities, cultural, diversity and difference, and policies and practices in schools and local government authorities. Since ancient times people have been moving to Britain and settling there. These immigrants have all made a change to Britain as a whole. There are many reasons for immigration, some of which being wars, famine, draught, economic changes, lack of facilities, religious restraints, prejudice, discrimination or even as refugees. Since the seventeenth century Jews had lived in Britain and had soon become a vital part of British life, including the social, political and economic life of Britain. Throughout the nineteenth century a minority of Jews continued to migrate to Britain, with many Jews even being born there. However after the welcoming of 1880, the minority of Jews already living there (Anglo-Jewish) experienced a sudden flood of Jews into Britain. In 1881 the Russian Jews were held responsible for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II. Many Jews now became certain that it was time to leave and start a new life in a Western country. Many moved to Britain knowingly there was already a secure successful community of Jews there. The Jewish immigrants were condemned by some English Jews whilst others welcomed them with open arms. On the other hand the English people blamed the Jews for the overcrowding in Britain and also for making it difficult to look for jobs and work. The Jews settled in the large cities of London, Leeds and Manchester. These cities had a large population of Jews who were hoped to be supported by the Russian Jews, there was also a great opportunity of work here. However the Jews had to live in the poorer, overcrowding areas of these cities. Despite the overcrowding and poor living conditions, the house rent was high due to the shortage of housing. The rent along with lack of jobs and living conditions were all causes of racism and injustice against the Jews. However most Jews lived in the poorer areas, as this was all they could afford. Some wealthy Jews took action and built blocks of flats. Due to the immigration of the Jews, before 1881 British inhabitants expanded at a rate of 4% per year, after 1881 the population increased 10% every year. However the Jews that had come all settled in the East end, thus making this area concentrated with the number of Jews. This worried some of the Anglo-Jewish community for many reasons. It made the Jews very visible; the Jewish people already living in England were disturbed regarding the influence that so many Jews would have on the good interaction built up by the Jews already living in England with the English people. The Jews were already very different in their traditions, etiquettes and political affairs than that of the British Jews. Soon the Jews became news. The type of work the Jews chose to do – in tailoring and footwear – they chose to do it with Jews who could speak Yiddish (a Jewish language), and who understood their religious needs. The work they chose relied on their existing skills or involved skills that could be learned quickly and had a number of simple recurring procedures. All the work could be done in small grounds, such as houses, cellars e.t.c. The work was done by a small number of people. The situation in such work areas was objectionable. Work hours could also be varied according to the religious calendar. The Jews entered England at a time of rising redundancy and therefore were held responsible by the legislator of challenging with the English taking into account the few jobs which were obtainable. The idea of the immigrant Jews and sweating (the practice of overworking and underpaying workers in cramped, ill-lit and unhealthy conditions), became associated in the minds of many English people. The people of England had many views of the Jews. A negative impression of the Jewish immigrants is that they caused overcrowding, working in unhygienic conditions and breathing an atmosphere of wool particles containing dangerous dyes. The flush was also so outlandish to the laypeople that they had not yet learnt how to pull the chain so as to wash out and clear the toilet. However a positive impression is gained by other inhabitants that they soon became successful and praised them of their intelligence. Most British people commiserated with the Jews but because of the numbers and celebrity of Russian Jewish immigrants, the attitude of people to the Jewish immigrants began to revolutionize. The ‘alien question’, soon became the subject in the British politics. The ‘Alien question’ was of three parts being that some individuals sensed that a law was essential to determine who could colonize in Britain, The aliens became a factor to the sweating matter, and some also reasoned that it was the aliens who pushed up the rents of houses. Soon later a pressure group, the British Brothers’ league was structured, which was to confine alien immigrants. With all these pressures the Conservative Government allotted a Royal Commission on Alien immigration. A new law was soon primed on the Royal Commission’s work. The Bill of 1904 would eliminate as undesirable, ‘persons of extremely bad character, or without perceptible means of support or likely to become a public charge. However the shipping companies who transported the immigrants also promoted the Government to gain their support and the liberals also strongly opposed this bill being passed. Due to such opposition the bill was withdrawn. However the Conservatives that the new law would promote voters especially at a time when the next general election was in a years time, so the Aliens Bill was put back into the Parliament in 1905, and this time the Liberals also never stood in its way as they knew a new law be popular. On 10 August 1905 the bill became law, however if ‘the immigrant is seeking admission to avoid prosecution or punishment on religious or political grounds, permission to enter shall not be refused on the ground that he does not have enough money or will be a burden on others.’ An extract from the Aliens Act (1905) The conservatives lost the election in 1906, and so the Liberal Home Secretaries operated the law. To start with many immigrants were sent back as they failed to state things which would grant them entry, therefore the number of Jews coming to Britain fell until 1909. However after 1909 the figure of immigrants returned back to the normal figure of 5000 a year. Many Jews welcomed the act or refused to condemn it. The Jews who had just immigrated t6o the East End of London reacted in much the same way as they feared overcrowding and competition of work. The Anglo-Jewish community had stated that the Jews settling in one place would bring attention to their dress, language and manner. They also warned that in fifteen years time the progeny of today’s refugees would be the great bulk of England’s population, and therefore bring shame to the community. To deal with this prospect the education of the children of the Immigrated Jews was encouraged. The leaders of the Jewish community were very anxious and supportive in the fist world war. In the last ten years of the nineteenth century a new movement was put into action called Zionism, this was in favour to gain a Jewish homeland. The favoured place for this was in the ancestral Jewish home, Palestine. However the Anglo-Jewish community opposed the idea of a homeland as they never wanted all their relationships with the British to be gone down the drain. They wanted to be seen as a community loyal to the British and religious not as a people without a homeland. In 1917 the British army invaded Palestine which was then under Turkish rule. The British government issued a statement that broadly supported the creation of a homeland. At t6he same time the British issued another statement which promised the Arabs inde3pendence from the Turks. This was to win the support of the Jews in America and to involve America in the war. Empty promises were also made to the Arabs to involve them in the war too on Britain’s side. From 1914, the anti-German hysteria that swept the country did not distinguish between Jew and German. Criticism to the Jewish immigrants centred on how many of the new immigrants joined up to fight. The Anglo-Jewish wanted to fight for their new country. Press reports of Russian Jews moving from London to the countryside to avoid the Zeppelin raids added to prejudice towards the Jews. The Balfour Declaration brought attention to Zionism in Britain which made people believe that the Jews were ungrateful to their adapted country – Britain. The Russian Revolution also helped form the views of the British against the Jewish immigrants and were portrayed by the newspaper as communists. The Aliens Restrictions Act was passed in 1914 which as a result had a huge influence on Jewish immigrants. Zionism was too now weakened whilst prejudice against the Jews increased. Using the powers of 1919 almost all the poor working-class immigrants went to decline. In the 1920s many Jews had now gained a higher position within the British society and were a more prosperous community. Due to this prosperity the Jews now started to move out of the East end of London. As Britain saw the beginning of the Depression years one Labour Politician was Sir Oswald Mosley. He resigned from Labour in 1930 as many of his ideas of how to solve the problem of unemployment were rejected. He set up his own new party in 1931 known as the New Party. Mosley, in 1932 created the British Union Fascists (BUF). Mosley saw the socialists and the communists as a danger. Mosley also enjoyed support from the ‘Daily Mirror’ owner, Lord Rothermere, through which he made sure that it reported favourably of the BUF. In the beginning the BUF were not anti-Semitic, but later in 1934 the BUF policy changed and now Jewish people were no longer allowed to be members of the BUF. Throughout the year 1934 Jewish people were attacked and provoked. The Jews were all advised not to do anything against the law thus not to be seen as lawbreakers. On 4 October 1936 the BUF planned a march through the East End of London and planned to listen to Mosley speak at intervals. Jewish Trade Unionists and communists arranged a blockade to the march with barricades. As a result the BUF had to abandon the march from the Tower of London to Victoria Park in Hackney. Immediately after the event of Cable Street, support for the BUF grew. However in the long term the BUF were in decline. Mosley’s attempts to try and stir up violence towards the Jews were much criticised. The Government tried to stop this by passing the Incitement to Disaffection Act in November 1934 and a new public Order Act in 1936 which affected the holding of marches. However the BUF did not win any local or general election seats and as a result Mosley was imprisoned from 1940 to 1943. The event of Cable Street showed that there were divisions among the Jews themselves as thousands of working-class Jews rejected the calls of their leaders to stay off the streets. This event also proved that extreme parties were also a threat to law and order, and as a result was acted quickly to in order to stop their influence. In 1945 when the Second World War ended, Europe had changed. Millions of people had lost their homes etc. Towns and cities were devastated. Countries in Eastern Europe were taken over by the communist government with very different ideas about equality and freedom to those governments in the West. Many people in Eastern Europe did not want to live under a communist government. As a result of these wars millions of people became refugees. Many people were already in Britain when the war ended. After Hitler invaded Poland many Poles left Poland and many came to Britain, and some came to Britain only to fight against Germany. When Poland became communist in 1945, many of the Poles decided to stay in Britain. Some of the refugees from Europe came to Britain in search of a new life and were welcomed by the British as Britain needed to be re-built after the devastation of the war. Large numbers of workers were needed especially in mining, engineering, agriculture, transport and building. This was due to many British men and women being killed, injured etc. During the war many women were encouraged to work but after were encouraged to stay at home. This meant that more workers were needed to replace them. Britain was made worse by many British people moving to the Old Common Wealth countries. During the Second World War the British Empire was very important in the war, as these people had raw materials, people industries etc. After the Second World War, these people from British colonies were encouraged to come to settle in Britain. This was because Britain’s post war labour shortage could not be solved by refugees alone. British companies advertised in the New Commonwealth Countries for workers. All citizens of the British colonies were given the right to settle in Britain. Almost one quarter of the world’s population was allowed to settle in Britain due to its great empire. In 1948 the British Nationality Act was passed which gave citizens of the British colonies and of the commonwealth equal rights of citizenship in Britain as those people who had been born and bread in Britain. After the second World War many Caribbean’s emigrated to Britain. This was partly because they had fought for this country and others were just curious to see the land they had fought for. At first immigration from the Caribbean to Britain was slow but soon after a hurricane in Jamaica in 1951 immigration increased. Another cause of the rise in immigration was that the USA had set strict rules on immigration from the Caribbean and so people who wanted to migrate had to look for other options of where to migrate to. Many people who lived in cities were well paid and did not want to do jobs like cleaning etc and so immigrants from the colonies were encouraged to do this type of work. Many West Indians were welcomed as nurses and the Caribbean’s settled in Britain and so the later arrivals were mainly wives, children and parents of those people who had settled in Britain. Britain was portrayed to these people who migrated to Britain as being the ‘mother-country,’ kind, caring and powerful. Upon migrating, many of these people were surprised to see the amount of filth and dirt in Britain. Britain was not as wealthy as they had expected. However people who had come to Britain to fight in the Second World War were welcomed warm heartedly, but on the other hand when these people returned to Britain due to labour shortages, the treatment they received was completely contradictory to what they had received at the Second World War. When Queen Victoria came to throne, Britain had the smallest empire with the least territory. Queen Victoria’s death however, left behind a greater territory approximately ruling 500 million people. British ideas were of being superior to any other race, thus inferior. Britain used ‘adverts’ to target many people and to spread its ideas of unity and loyalty to the people of Britain. Between 1945 and 1968, important changes were made to who had the right of citizenship in Britain. The rights of citizenship had been restricted by 1968. The changes happened partly because of racist attitudes and partly due to changing economic changes. Since the Second World War the pattern of migration into and out of Britain has changed. This has been due to changes in the law, wars, abuses of human rights, poverty, famine, and the formation of the European Union. Since 1990 the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in Britain have also changed and become a controversial political issue. There was less immigration after the Second World War of the British citizenships had been born in the colonies of commonwealth. The British Nationality Act and the immigration Laws made it difficult to enter Britain. However immigration from the European Union was allowed however immigration from poor undeveloped countries such as the Caribbean were not allowed to set work permits in Britain. Overtime people had come to Britain as refugees and also left in search of refuge such as the Jews. Nevertheless, people have migrated to Britain due top wars in their own countries leaving millions of people homeless, in search of jobs, famine in their homelands, in search of a better life, education, medication, for marriage purposes, persecution in their country and some have also come to Britain as refugees and even as asylum seekers. In conclusion, the reasons for the entry of millions of people into Britain during the years from 1880 to the recent day are extremely complicated, revolving around a complex of economic, political. Short term, underlying and personal push and pull factors. The immigration of any individual minority includes a set of factors peculiar to itself. In some cases, such as the mid-nineteenth century, Irish push factors played an overwhelming role, as the famine literally forced the people off the land. However the geographical proximity of Britain and the open door policy towards immigration played a fundamental role in attracting the Irish. â€Å"The potato crop failed completely and one million Irish died of disease starvation. As a result about 200,000 people emigrated, about half of them to Britain.† Between 1870 and 1914 over 200,000 Jewish people arrived in Britain. Most of these Jews lived in East London where living conditions were bad. It was easy for them to fin d work (for untrained people e.g. clothing and furniture) but were low paid and worked long hours. Yet many Jews visited the synagogue and were free to practice their religion. The entry of immigrants to Britain did not happen steadily but in waves. Some periods had more immigrants flooding into Britain than others. The media have recognised that Britain has become a multi society and presents some positive images of Blacks and Asians. People of Asian origin have become the most successful businessmen in Britain. In short, there have been both continuities and new developments in the history of immigrant minorities in Britain before and after 1945. Because of the more complete documentation after 1945, we can form a fuller picture of the contemporary situation. However, we can make the following assertions for the whole course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. First, Britain has witnessed for a complex of reasons, the constant entry of a wide variety of immigrants, who have played an important role in the development of the economy. Second, these groups have varied in size, social composition, and gender make-up, but they are part of British capitalist class society, not distinct from it. Finally, ethnicity has developed to a great extent, especially amongst larger minorities. However, as a different view, in conclusion, I also say that social scientists have found it very difficult to explain one of the most popular methods of explanation is to use a ‘push – pull’ model which distinguishes between the ‘push’ of economic necessity in the migrants home society and the ‘pull’ of opportunity from abroad. The difficulty with this approach is that it obscures the inherent complexity of population movements and, as some critics have pointed out, it often treats the subjects as if they were automatons reacting to forces beyond their control. Ceri Peach, in his study of West Indian migration to Britain (1968), warns against relying too much on ‘push’ determinism. The movements he describes did not take place during periods of economic depression in the Caribbean and they were not correlated to high rates of population growth. Peach concludes that there is ‘strong evidence for the view that (West Indian) migration was reacting not to internal conditions, but to a sing external stimulus’ – namely the demand for labour in Britain (1968:93). This conclusion might be satisfactory if one wishes to leave the analysis of the highest levels of abstraction, but the migrants themselves rarely accept generalisations of this nature. Furthermore, other Historians have clearly demonstrated that it is impossible to categorise all of the relevant factors as either ‘push’ or ‘pull’.

Last Sacrifice Chapter Six

REALLY, WHEN YOU THOUGHT ABOUT it, Sydney showing up wasn't much weirder than half the other stuff that seemed to happen to me on a regular basis. Sydney was an Alchemist, one I'd met in Russia when trying to find and kill Dimitri. She was my age and had hated being assigned over there, though I'd certainly appreciated her aid. As Dimitri had noted earlier, the Alchemists would want to help the Moroi find and capture me. Yet, judging from the tension radiating off both her and Dimitri in the car, it became obvious that she was assisting in this escape. With great effort, I pushed my questions to the side for the time being. We were still fugitives, still undoubtedly being pursued. Sydney's car was a brand new Honda CR-V with Louisiana plates and a rental sticker. â€Å"What the hell?' I asked. â€Å"Is this daring escape being sponsored by Honda?' When this got no response, I went to the next obvious question. â€Å"Are we going to New Orleans?' That was Sydney's new post. Sightseeing was the last thing on my mind at the moment, but if you had to run away, you might as well run somewhere good. â€Å"No,' she said, backing out of the spot. â€Å"We're going to West Virginia.' I looked sharply at Dimitri, who sat in the backseat, in the hopes that he would deny this. He didn't. â€Å"I assume by â€Å"West Virginia,' you actually mean â€Å"Hawaii,† I said. â€Å"Or some place equally exciting.' â€Å"Honestly, I think you're better off avoiding excitement right now,' Sydney pointed out. The car's GPS device directed her to her next turn, leading us back toward I-81. She frowned slightly. â€Å"And West Virginia's actually really pretty.' I remembered that she was from Utah and probably didn't know any better. Having long since given up on any control in this escape plot, I moved on to the next obvious set of questions. â€Å"Why are you helping us?' I had a feeling Sydney was grimacing in the dark. â€Å"Why do you think?' â€Å"Abe.' She sighed. â€Å"I'm really starting to wonder if New Orleans was worth it.' I'd recently learned that Abe–with that inexplicable, far-reaching influence of his– had been responsible for getting her out of Russia. How he'd done it, I didn't know. What I did know was that it had left Sydney in open-ended debt to him, one he kept using to get favors. Sometimes, I wondered if there was more to the deal than just a job transfer, like maybe he'd done something else that neither had told me about. Regardless, I started to chastise her again that she should have expected this for making a deal with the devil, but I soon reconsidered. With a bunch of guardians in pursuit, it probably wasn't a smart idea to tease someone helping me. I asked a different question. â€Å"Okay. So why are we going to West Virginia?' Sydney opened her mouth to respond, but Dimitri interrupted her. â€Å"Not yet.' I turned around again and shot him a glare. â€Å"I am so sick of this! We've been on the run for six hours now, and I still don't know all the details. I get that we're staying away from the guardians, but are we seriously going to West Virginia? Are we going to make some cabin our base of operation? Like, one on the side of a mountain that doesn't have plumbing?' Sydney gave me one of her trademark exasperated sighs. â€Å"Do you actually know anything about West Virginia?' I didn't like her and Dimitri teaming up to keep me in the dark. Of course, with Sydney, her reticence could be from any number of things. It could still be Abe's orders. Or maybe she just didn't want to talk to me. Since most Alchemists considered dhampirs and vampires the spawn of hell, they didn't usually get too friendly with us. Spending time with me in Siberia had altered her views a little. I hoped. Sometimes I got the vibe she just wasn't that social of a person to begin with. â€Å"You know we've been set up, right?' I asked her. â€Å"We didn't really do anything. They say I killed the queen, but–‘ â€Å"I know,' Sydney interrupted. â€Å"I've heard all about it. All the Alchemists know about it. You two are at the top of our most wanted list.' She attempted a businesslike tone but couldn't entirely hide her uneasiness. I had a feeling Dimitri made her more nervous than I did, which was understandable since he made some of our own people nervous too. â€Å"I didn't do it,' I insisted. Somehow, it was important that she know that. Sydney didn't acknowledge my comment. Instead, she said, â€Å"You should eat. Your food's getting cold. We've got a little over three hours to go and won't be stopping except for gas.' I recognized the finality in her voice, as well as the logic. She didn't want to talk anymore. Inside the bag, I found two giant orders of fries, and three cheeseburgers. She apparently still knew me pretty well. It took all of my restraint to keep from stuffing fries into my mouth then and there. Instead, I offered a cheeseburger to Dimitri. â€Å"You want one? Gotta keep up your strength.' He hesitated several seconds before taking it. He seemed to regard it with a kind of wonder, and it hit me that eating food was still a new thing for him after these last few months. Strigoi only subsisted on blood. I handed him a couple of fries too and then turned back around to devour the rest. I didn't bother offering any to Sydney. She was notorious for her lack of appetite, and besides, I figured she would have eaten already if she'd wanted to while waiting for us. â€Å"I think this is for you,' Dimitri said, handing me a small backpack. I opened it and found a few changes of clothes, as well as some basic toiletries. I double-checked the outfits. â€Å"Shorts, shirts, and a dress. I can't fight in these. I need jeans.' The dress was cute, admittedly: a long gauzy sun-dress in a watercolor print of black, white, and gray. But very impractical. â€Å"That's gratitude for you,' said Sydney. â€Å"This happened kind of fast. There was only so much I could put together.' Glancing behind me, I saw Dimitri unpacking his own bag. It had basic clothing like mine and also– â€Å"A duster?' I exclaimed, watching him pull out the long, leather coat. How it even fit in there defied physics. â€Å"You managed to get him a duster, but you couldn't find me a pair of jeans?' Sydney seemed unconcerned by my outrage. â€Å"Abe said it was essential. Besides, if all goes like it's supposed to, you won't be doing any fighting.' I didn't like the sound of that. Safe and remote. Seeing as I had what were potentially the quietest car companions in the world, I knew better than to expect any real conversation for the next three hours. I supposed it was just as well because it let me check in on Lissa. I was still too on edge about my own escape to spend much time in her head, so it was just a quick assessment of life at Court. Just as Dimitri had predicted, the guardians had restored order pretty soon. The Court was under lockdown, and everyone with any connection to me was being questioned extensively. The thing was, they all had alibis. Everyone had seen my allies at the funeral–or, in Abe's case, thought they'd seen them. A couple girls swore they'd been with Adrian, which I could only imagine was the result of more compulsion. I could feel Lissa's satisfaction through the bond as the guardians' frustration grew and grew. Although she had no idea when I might be checking in on her, she sent me a message through the bond: Don't worry, Rose. I'll take care of everything. We're going to clear your name. I slumped back in the car seat, unsure how to feel about this situation. All my life, I'd taken care of her. I'd protected her from danger and gone out of my way to keep her away from any threats. Now, the roles were reversed. She'd come through for me in saving Dimitri, and I was in her–and apparently everyone else's–hands as far as this escape was concerned. It went against every instinct I had and troubled me. I wasn't used to being protected by others, let alone her. The interrogations were still going on, and Lissa hadn't had hers yet, but something told me my friends were going to get off the hook for this. They wouldn't be punished for my escape, and for the moment, I was really the only one in danger–which was what I preferred. West Virginia might have been as beautiful as Sydney claimed, but I couldn't really tell since it was the middle of the night when we arrived. Mostly I had the sense of driving through mountains, feeling the ups and downs as we went through switchbacks and tunnels. After almost exactly three hours, we rolled into a small hole of a town that had one traffic light and a restaurant simply marked DINER. There hadn't been any traffic on the road for over an hour, though, which was really the most important thing. We hadn't been followed. Sydney drove us to a building with a sign that read MOTEL. Apparently, this town liked to stick to the basics when it came to names. I wouldn't be surprised if it was actually just called TOWN. As we walked across the motel's parking lot, I was surprised to feel how sore my legs were. Every part of me ached, and sleep sounded fantastic. It had been more than half a day since this adventure began. Sydney checked us in under fake names, and the sleepy desk clerk didn't ask any questions. We walked down a hall that wasn't dirty exactly but also wasn't anything a royal would have gone near. A cleaning cart leaned against one wall, as though someone had given up and abandoned it. Sydney suddenly came to a halt in front of a room and handed us a key. I realized she was heading off to a different room. â€Å"We're not all staying together?' I asked. â€Å"Hey, if you guys get caught, I don't want to be anywhere near you,' she said, with a smile. I had a feeling she also didn't want to sleep in the same room as â€Å"evil creatures of the night.' â€Å"I'll still be nearby, though. We'll talk in the morning.' This made me realize something else. I eyed Dimitri. â€Å"We're sharing a room?' Sydney shrugged. â€Å"All the better to defend yourselves.' She left us in that abrupt way of hers, and Dimitri and I glanced at each other briefly before heading into the room. Like the rest of the motel, it wasn't fancy, but it would do. The carpet was worn but intact, and I appreciated the weak attempt at decorating with a very bad painting of some pears. A small window looked sad. There was one bed. Dimitri locked the bolt and chain on the door and then sat back in the room's lone chair. It was wooden with a straight back, but he seemed to regard it as the most comfortable thing in the world. He still wore that perpetually vigilant look of his, but I could see exhaustion around the edges. This had been a long night for him too. I sat down on the edge of the bed. â€Å"What now?' â€Å"Now we wait,' he said. â€Å"For what?' â€Å"For Lissa and the others to clear your name and find out who killed the queen.' I expected more explanation, but all I got was silence. Disbelief began to build up in me. I'd remained as patient as I could tonight, always assuming Dimitri was leading me toward some mysterious mission to help solve the murder. When he said we were going to wait, surely he didn't mean we were just going to †¦ well, wait? â€Å"What are we going to do?' I demanded. â€Å"How are we going to help them?' â€Å"We told you earlier: You can hardly go looking for clues at Court. You need to stay away. You need to stay safe.' My jaw dropped as I gestured around the drab room. â€Å"What, and this is it? This is where you're stashing me? I thought †¦ I thought there was something here. Something to help.' â€Å"It is helping,' he said, in that damnably calm way of his. â€Å"Sydney and Abe researched this place and decided it was out of the way enough to avoid detection.' I shot up from the bed. â€Å"Okay, comrade. There's one serious problem here with your logic. You guys keep acting like me staying out of the way is helping.' â€Å"Whats a serious problem is us repeating this conversation over and over. The answers to who murdered Tatiana are at Court, and that's where your friends are. They'll figure this out.' â€Å"I didn't just get in a high-speed chase and jump state lines to hole up in some crappy motel! How long are you planning on â€Å"staying out of the way' here?' Dimitri crossed his arms over his chest. â€Å"As long as it takes. We have the funds to stay here indefinitely.' â€Å"I probably have enough spare change in my pocket to stay here indefinitely! But it's not happening. I have to do something. I won't just take the easy way out and sit around.' â€Å"Surviving isn't as easy as you think.' â€Å"Oh God,' I groaned. â€Å"You've been hanging out with Abe, haven't you? You know, when you were a Strigoi, you told me to stay away from him. Maybe you should take your own advice.' I regretted the words as soon as they left my lips and saw in his eyes that I'd inflicted serious damage. He might have been acting like the old Dimitri in this escape, but his time as a Strigoi still tormented him. â€Å"I'm sorry,' I said. â€Å"I didn't mean–‘ â€Å"We're done discussing this,' he said harshly. â€Å"Lissa says we're staying here, so we're staying here.' Anger shoved aside my guilt. â€Å"Thats why you're doing this? Because Lissa told you to?' â€Å"Of course. I swore I'd serve and help her.' That was when I snapped. It had been bad enough that when Lissa restored him to a dhampir, Dimitri had thought it was okay to stick around Lissa while spurning me. Despite the fact that I'd been the one who went to Siberia and that I was the one who learned about how Victor's brother Robert knew how to restore Strigoi †¦ well, apparently those things didn't matter. Only Lissa wielding the stake had seemed to matter, and Dimitri now held her up as some kind of angelic goddess, one he'd made an archaic, knight-like vow to serve. â€Å"Forget it,' I said. â€Å"I am not staying here.' I made it to the door in three steps and managed to undo the chain, but in seconds, Dimitri was out of his chair and had thrown me against the wall. Really, that was pretty slow reaction time. I would have expected him to stop me before I'd taken two steps. â€Å"You are staying here,' he said evenly, hands gripping my wrists. â€Å"Whether you like it or not.' Now, I had a few options. I could stay, of course. I could hang out for days–months, even–in this motel until Lissa cleared my name. That was presuming Lissa could clear my name and that I didn't get food poisoning from the DINER diner. This was the safest option. Also the most boring for me. Another option was to fight my way through Dimitri. That was neither safe nor easy. It would also be particularly challenging because I'd have to try to fight in such a way that would allow me to escape but wouldn't kill him or cause either of us serious injury. Or, I could just throw caution away and not hold back. Hell, the guy had battled Strigoi and half the Court's guardians. He could handle me giving everything I had. We'd certainly shared some pretty rough encounters back at St. Vladimir's. Would my best be enough for me to escape? Time to find out. I kneed him in the stomach, which he clearly hadn't expected. His eyes widened in shock–and a little pain–providing me with an opening to break free of his grip. That opening was only long enough for me to yank out the door's bolt. Before I could reach for the knob, Dimitri had a hold of me again. He gripped me hard and threw me onto the bed stomach first, both pinning me with his weight and preventing my limbs from doing any more surprise kicking. This was always my biggest problem in fights: opponents– usually men–with more strength and weight. My speed was my greatest asset in those situations, but being held down made dodging and evasion a non-option. Still, every part of me struggled, making it difficult for him to keep me down. â€Å"Stop this,' he said in my ear, his lips nearly touching it. â€Å"Be reasonable for once. You can't get past me.' His body was warm and strong against mine, and I promised my own body a stern scolding later. Quit it, I thought. Focus on getting out of here, not how he feels. â€Å"I'm not the one being unreasonable,' I growled, trying to turn my face toward him. â€Å"You're the one caught up in some noble promise that makes no sense. And I know you don't like to sit out of the action any more than I do. Help me. Help me find the murderer and do something useful.' I stopped struggling and pretended our argument had distracted me. â€Å"I don't like sitting around, but I also don't like rushing into an impossible situation!' â€Å"Impossible situations are our specialty,' I pointed out. Meanwhile, I tried to assess his hold on me. He hadn't relaxed his grip, but I hoped maybe the conversation was distracting him. Normally, Dimitri was too good to lose his focus. But I knew he was tired. And maybe, just maybe, he might be a little careless since it was me and not a Strigoi. Nope. I lashed out abruptly, trying to break away and scramble out from under him. The best I managed to do was roll myself over before he had a hold of me again, now leaving me back-down on the bed. Being so close to him †¦ his face, his lips †¦ the warmth of his skin on mine. Well. It appeared that all I'd accomplished was putting myself at a greater disadvantage. He certainly didn't seem to be affected by our bodies' closeness. He wore that typical steel resolve of his, and even though it was stupid of me, even though I knew I shouldn't care anymore that he was over me †¦ well, I did care. â€Å"One day,' he said. â€Å"You can't even wait one day?' â€Å"Maybe if we'd gone to a nicer hotel. With cable.' â€Å"This is no time for jokes, Rose.' â€Å"Then let me do something. Anything.' â€Å"I. Can't.' Saying the words obviously pained him, and I realized something. I was so mad at him, so furious that he'd try to make me sit around and play it safe. But he didn't like any of this either. How could I have forgotten how alike we were? We both craved action. We both wanted to be useful, to help those we cared about. It was only his self- resolve to help Lissa that was keeping him here with this babysitting job. He claimed me rushing back to Court was reckless, but I had a feeling that if he hadn't been the one in charge of me–or, well, thought he was–he would have run right back there too. I studied him, the determined dark eyes and expression softened by the brown hair that had escaped its ponytail holder. It hung around his face now, just barely touching mine. I could try to break free again but was losing hope of that working. He was too fierce and too set on keeping me safe. I suspected pointing out my suspicion that he wanted to go back to Court too wouldn't do any good. True or not, he would be expecting me to argue with Rose-logic. He was Dimitri, after all. He would be expecting everything. Well, almost. An idea hit me so fast that I didn't pause to analyze it. I just acted. My body might be constrained, but my head and neck had just enough freedom to shift up–and kiss him. My lips met his, and I learned a few things. One was that it was possible to catch him totally by surprise. His body froze and locked up, shocked at the sudden turn of events. I also realized that he was just as good a kisser as I recalled. The last time we'd kissed had been when he was Strigoi. There had been an eerie sexiness to that, but it didn't compare to the heat and energy of being alive. His lips were just like I remembered from our time at St. Vladimir's, both soft and hungry at the same time. Electricity spread through the rest of my body as he kissed me back. It was both comforting and exhilarating. And that was the third thing I discovered. He was kissing me back. Maybe, just maybe, Dimitri wasn't as resolved as he claimed to be. Maybe under all that guilt and certainty that he couldn't love again, he still wanted me. I would have liked to have found out. But I didn't have the time. Instead, I punched him. It's true: I've punched lots of guys who were kissing me but never one I actually wanted to keep kissing. Dimitri still had a solid hold on me, but the shock of the kiss had dropped his guard. My fist broke out and connected with the side of his face. Without missing a beat, I shoved him off me as hard as I could and leapt away from the bed and toward the door. I heard him scramble to his feet as I threw it open. I shot out of the room and slammed the door shut before I could see what he did next. Not that I needed to. He was coming after me. Without a moment's hesitation, I shoved the abandoned cleaning cart in front of the room's door and sprinted off down the hall. A couple seconds later, the door opened, and I heard a cry of annoyance–as well as a very, very bad word in Russian–as he ran into the cart. It would only take him a few moments to push it aside, but that was all I needed. I was down the flight of stairs in a flash and into the meager lobby where a bored desk clerk was reading a book. He nearly jumped out of his chair when I came tearing through. â€Å"There's a guy chasing me!' I called as I headed out the door. The clerk didn't really look like anyone who would try to stop Dimitri, and I had a feeling Dimitri wouldn't stop anyway if the guy asked him to. In the most extreme case, the man would call the police. In this town, the POLICE probably consisted of one guy and a dog. Regardless, it was no longer my concern. I had escaped the motel and was now in the middle of a sleepy mountain town, its streets cast in shadows. Dimitri might be right behind me, but as I plunged into some woods nearby, I knew it was going to be easy for me to lose him in the darkness.

A Brief and Simple Analysis of Chapter Two of Grendel

(Beginning in paragraph two of Chapter 2, and continuing throughout the chapter, Grendel describes how he used to be as a child. How does this description compare or contrast with the behavior of the humans when they are fully-grown? ) In chapter two of Grendel, John Gardner takes the readers into a deeper aspect of Grendel’s life. Most specifically, this chapter revolves around the childhood life of Grendel. Readers are able to access the mind of Grendel as a child, through a chapter that is almost entirely structured as a flashback to the situation that, arguably, may have transformed the typical ‘kid’ into the man-eating beast one was introduced to in Beowulf. However, Grendel isn’t to blame for his future actions, for his entire existence was tarnished when his young, impressionable mind was altered. Grendel’s innocence as a child was robbed, as with all children, when a new understanding of the world’s harshness was grasped. It almost seems, however, that Grendel’s behavior as a child is mirrored in the â€Å"fully-grown and adult† humans he despises so much. Throughout the chapter, Grendel seems to place himself on a risen, intellectual pedestal, with the humans he deems childish roaming blindly and stupidly hopeful far below. As observed through history, the Anglo Saxons were a war like people, with religious seafaring clans that pledged themselves to an invisible greater-power and who traveled far and wide in their seafaring explorations. These traits are identical to Grendel’s memories about his childhood, â€Å"I used to play games when I was young†¦. explored our far-flung underground world†¦.. an endless wargame of leaps†¦whispered plotting with invisible friends†¦childish games†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . When Grendel looks out to the humans, he can’t help but recognize his own childhood ways in their lifestyle. The humans’ endless praying and constant adventure is laughable in Grendel’s eyes because it reminds him of his own past existence before his hope and innocence were tarnished by the daunting reality of an unpromising life. Grendel’s attacks may not have been to hurt the humans for the heck of it, but rather, Grendel may have seen it as helping the humans into escaping an oblivious life, just as the humans did to Grendel when he was a child. It may be here that Grendel’s anger arises; Grendel absolutely knows his childhood was robbed from him, and it becomes his duty to enlighten the stupidly arrogant humans to recognize their true existence as well. The humans, as we all know well to much, seem to be stuck in an endlessly spinning cycle of pointlessness and Grendel is the third person outsider who wants to bring upon the harsh reality of life. On page seventeen, Grendel states â€Å"the shocking separateness from me in my mother’s eyes†¦. [I would] hurl myself at my mother†¦comforted, I would gradually ease back out into my games. †. Grendel’s feelings of uneasiness and misunderstandings are eased almost immediately with a hug from his mother, consoled with the love and connection of another. As an adult, Grendel almost despises such comfort, growing obviously angry with the immediate comfort of the humans with the passing of a clan member with the simple thoughts of unification and the extension of life. Grendel lost that sense of spirituality and companionship, and seems to deem it childish and almost unnecessary as an adult. We see Grendel as an independent being in Beowulf, and his murders are controlled in an area where companionship and joy are absolute and strong; the mead hall. It is more than a coincidence that Grendel chose to destroy the heart of the Anglo Saxon community, for he wished to destroy the hearts of the people. His continuation of destruction for what were the next twelve years were not because he enjoyed the killing and eating of the men (because it was stated that he didn’t) but because he realized that the hopefulness and unification of the community would not back down. Grendel’s own childish ways are exhibited here, for he continues his persistence until he can no longer. In Grendel’s eyes, Grendel is a monster who, almost as the Anglo Saxons believed, has grown wiser and more knowledgeable with the endless spinning of life he so ardently chooses to misinterpret. In chapter two, Grendel fixes himself far from the humans that he seems to understand so fully. In fact, Grendel himself is a child who lost his innocence and optimism so abruptly that he didn’t recognize it. Grendel is angry and jealous of the humans because he sees in them the traits that he possessed when his life posed meaning. Grendel became a nihilist, to some extent, because he decided to reject the life and being he was becoming. He instead chose to isolate himself so dangerously from his feelings that he had no other option but to inevitably give in to what he thought he should become. Upon the arrival of his death, Grendel was experiencing was seemed to be a type of mid-life crisis that developed from his childhood, or rather because of its absence.

Musical Texture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Musical Texture - Assignment Example In listening to the â€Å"Hallelujah Chorus† from YouTube, the texture seems very different than what is in the textbook. In the very beginning of the work the singers are singing in a homophonic way, During these lyrics â€Å"for Lord God omnipotent reigneth† it is done in strictly, monophonic texture the first time it is sung. This gives the strength and emphasizes this particular section. The texture in the version from within the textbook lists this as monophonic. The second time that this sung, it is very clearly done in monophonic texture which is visible on the score as much as heard in the music. The third time it is sung in the textbook, it is clearly in polyphonic as it is sung in contrast with the lyric â€Å"Hallelujah†. This is the same in the version on YouTube which occurs in a long section that almost sounds similar to canon. The YouTube version is the same as the text for â€Å"The Kingdom of this world becomes. The lyrics â€Å"King of Kings a nd Lord of Lords† is repeatedly monophonic until it begins to turn into a polyphonic section that includes other lyrics as well, which is similar to the textbook version. The monophonic portions of the score appear on one line, while the homophonic portions appear separated into multiple lines on the monophonic YouTube score. In this example, both methods are used in order to show the use of different instrumentation. In other words, when the chorus is in polyphonic mode, they get one line, but when multiple instruments are used to create this sound they are on different lines.

Design Principles and Applications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Design Principles and Applications - Assignment Example A client brief is, therefore, a rough draft or sketch of the project design that the architect uses in making sure that the client’s preference in designing is not compromised or lost completely. Generally, clients’ make their requirements list to be met by the architect without much professional information and they are usually faulty but not always a waste of time. Client-oriented designers and architects always consider having the clients requirements incorporated in the final design. The need for the client brief is to ensure that the project is clearly thought out between the client and the architect, with reflections, information, budgeting, and assessments easily facilitated for the project. Involvement of the client makes sure that discontent is eliminated at the earliest possible instance and clarifications sought well enough to facilitate the development of a good design. In this case, Moulton College will be required to submit a client brief which does not necessarily have to be very complicated. Enough information and detail should be availed of the design requirements for the farm manager’s house. To ensure that the designers’ ideas based on professional principles are in congruence with the clients’ needs and specifications, the clients’ are assisted by the designers in understanding some design concepts. While it is not possible to have all clients’ needs incorporated due to some technicalities, some requirements may be useful in the design when the designer understands them. â€Å"Firming up the brief† involves the understanding of the clients’ specifications in the design work. Communication and effectiveness of the client brief are faced by some challenges which both the client and architect should be prepared for in case they arose. Designers and architects have a higher propensity to ignore and assume the input of a client in the design.  

The Papua Conflict Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6750 words

The Papua Conflict - Research Paper Example In spite of the linkages between two New Guinea regions, the European colonialists formally separated the two in 1895 and 1910. Even though the Dutch seized the western part and Germany and Great Britain the eastern side, it did not matter much to the indigenous people. Nevertheless, this division was to have a large-scale impact on the population in the Dutch side after the 1949 Indonesian independence. In 1828, the Netherlands demanded ownership of the West New Guinea, primarily due to its geographical closeness to their territories in the East Indies. The intention appears to have been only to thwart other colonialists, especially the British, from setting up outposts there. As argued by Meinisma, a Dutch historian, the Dutch demands for possession was driven by Sultan of Tidore’s claims for territorial rights. Because the Sultan was the Dutch’s ‘vassal’ â€Å"that portion of the island was accounted to belong to the Dutch Indies.† In truth, the power of the Sultan was confined to a number of coastal communities on the Bird’s Head Peninsula, and as mentioned in the 1884 British correspondence : There is no evidence of the Sultan’s authority having ever been recognized by the natives on any part of the Mainland, or of his people having ever visited any part of it. This is generally admitted by the Dutch writers. It was only in 1898 that a minor government was established under the Dutch Resident at Moluccas’s Ternate.... rnate was initiated only due to the insignificant presence of the Dutch in New Guinea did not merit an independent government there.9 Yet, in 1902 a fierce deliberation occurred in the Dutch congress on whether there should be an independent budget for New Guinea from the East Indies based on the fact that it belongs to Polynesia whereas East Indies was a part of Asia.10 Eventually, for governmental reasons, the connection with Ternate was sustained. Yet this agreement directed Indonesia at self-government to assert that the region was a fundamental section of the Republic. After the Dutch rejected it, it became a root of intensifying conflict between the two nations all over the 1950s and 1960s.11 In the end, under pressure from the American government and possibility of an Indonesian assault, the Netherlands accepted withdrawal from the region and give it to a provisional United Nations organization. In the New York treaty ratified by the Indonesians and the Dutch on August 1962, i t was decided that the United Nations would later on move governance of West Guinea to Indonesia.12 A UN group was to go back to help Jakarta mobilize a movement for independence.13 Its function was to find out whether the Papuans wanted to become an Indonesian province, or prefer autonomy. Roots of the Papua Conflict The roots of the Papua conflict are diverse. They involve not just continuing disagreement over independence but also hostilities rooted in the olden times and persistence of state-supported military activities, violations of human right, and a value of freedom. Moreover there is unending ethnic dispossession in the welfare, education, and health sectors brought about by a mixture of state indifference and environmentally, ethnically, and socially disruptive major development

PeopleSoft State of art Part of my thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

PeopleSoft State of art Part of my - Thesis Example se PeopleTools 8.50 and PeopleSoft Enterprise Learning Management 9.1 and PeopleSoft Enterprise Portal 9.1, Oracle claims to offer the customers a platform to provide improved employee productivity and better performance. One of the differentiating features of this software is its Web 2 capabilities. Besides this enhanced ability, the software also has 300 new Web services and around 200 industry specific improvements (oracle.com). A summary of the various applications shows how these tools help in business improvement. A very interesting feature of HCM is that it facilitates the alignment of individual goals with those of the organization. This is achieved by ensuring that each business goal is extrapolated to the individual employee goal sheets. It even helps identify the succession plan for the organization by identifying the talent pool through the performance sheets and matching them with the key skill set at the various hierarchical levels. The Web 2.0 capabilities of PeopleSoft Enterprise help employees engage with each other through chats, wiki, social and knowledge networking forums. The software’s MIS generation features help analyze performance and productivity and thus enable leaders to chalk out future course of action. Its ability to talk to previously released versions of applications helps save its customer acquisition costs as there is no need to replace the previous applications to ena ble installation of the new ones. This helps save money on account of software acquisition and installation and training costs. With country specific HR and payroll programs the software is a global platform which can be used even in countries like China and Argentina. It also has educative and research oriented capabilities along with provisions for industries like retail, public sector and professional services. In the ensuing sections we will be discussing the various features that the software provides which enable a smooth running of the various HR functions

International marketing - the case of Mcdonald's Essay

International marketing - the case of Mcdonald's - Essay Example Differences in culture, behaviour and customer needs across nations have posed new challenges while also providing new opportunities in international marketing. These have altered the segmenting, targeting of the market and product positioning. Thus international marketing strategy is a comprehensive effort which entails deployment of the marketing mix to create a sustainable advantage in the international market place (Wong and Merrilees, 2007). The right marketing mix and the marketing decision can change the brand perception and enhance the firm’s reputation leading to strong brand performance. The power of global brands can be used as a means of international entry but such brands also have to adapt to cultural and other environmental conditions. 2. Company Background McDonald's is one of the most respected and recognized brands in the world. Its success is ascertained from the fact that the organization has over 33,000 franchisees across the world, operating in 119 countr ies and serving over 47 million people each day (Han, 2008). McDonald's has achieved success purely because of its ‘think global, act local’ strategy that it has adopted in all its markets. Initially however, McDonald's had an ethnocentric approach to international marketing as it tried to replicate the home country elements overseas. However, through experience and knowledge it adopted the polycentric approach and focused on the demands of the host country. 3. Standardization and Adaptation Gilani and Razeghi (2010) do not consider it necessary to adapt to the elements of the marketing mix to suit to local tastes as markets have become globalized. However, globalization has not homogenised cultures. Standardization which pertains to identical product lines at identical prices, distributed through identical distribution lines with identical promotional programs (Zou, Andrus, Norvell, 1997), is not feasible in the changed business environment as this demonstrates a produ ct-centred approach whereas organizations need to have a customer-centric approach. McDonald's, in order to fit in to the new market demands, adjusted the entire marketing strategy including how they distribute and promote their brand. The company re-designed its marketing mix based on the product positioning, branding and design. 4. Product Positioning Product positioning is the product’s positioning and image that lends it a distinct value and place in the target segment’s mind (Liu and Chen, 2000). Since buyers differ in their attitudes, lifestyle and behaviour, these differences help in market segmentation. Within each segment product positioning strategy has to differ. McDonald's initially positioned itself as the market leader with low-priced quality food (Need Coffee, 2005). McDonald’s continuously strives to serve the customers better as its vision is to be the ‘world’s best quick service restaurant experience and ensure that every customer in every restaurant smiles (Andidas, 2003). However, as it entered the Asian markets, particularly China, it had to reposition itself. Burgers in China are perceived by the elders as providing nutritional value while the youth seeks taste (Anderson and He, 1998). Even though they do not relish pizzas or fast food, but the Chinese consumers would like to be seen at fast food outlets. McDonald's strategy was to provide the ambience, music and the environment that attracted the Chinese consu

Strategic management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic management - Case Study Example It was the time that it started evolving as the world's most profitable airline. Michael O'Leary 's key to success was to drastically cut costs down by taking extra-ordinary decisions. But it was not the only reason of his success. He was also very innovative and shrewd in his approach. His efforts were also supported by state policies of the European countries. The briefs of Financial & operational performance of the company from 1998 to 2002 retrieved from ATI database show a great change in the financial status of the company. The increase in Passengers Revenue was $259.68 millions from 1998 to 2002. Net margins increased from 19.63% to 24.09% during this period. Number of passengers increased by almost 300% during this period. These were not mean achievements in such a short period of time. But these statistics does not show that how daring was O'Leary in his decision making. He was never afraid of taking unpopular decision and he had complete trust in judgment. As it is famous saying that fortune favours the braves that was the case with him. Fortune also favoured him on many occasions. The difficulties came to his way never deterred him. He went on expansion spree. Ryanair was not only expanded in terms of routes and destinations but he also acquired new planes for his company. The data sheet is give herewith that shows his achievements. Numbers speak louder than words in this case. RyanAir was successful in controlling total ... Profit after also risen by 44%. Earnings per share also increased. (Financial performance table is attached as Appendix II retrieved from ATI Database) A tremendous increase in the profits of the company encourages O'Leary to go on and take more daring decision of acquisition of Buzz Air. It could prove a turning point towards best or worse. As O'Leary promises to make Buzz profitable within three months by "halving fares and doubling passengers". (Part I 475 words)Strategic Analysis of RyanAir at the end of 2002 Ryanair is considered one of Europe's debatable companies, it policies are appreciated and criticised simultaneously. Some analysts support its commitment to low fares, its revolutionary management. At the same time few analysts attack its labor policies and disapprove its advertising campaign. It would be quite interesting to use analysis models described by Richard Lynch analyse the Ryanair strategically at the end of year . These models can be applied for a thorough analysis of RyanAir. Model: Consideration of the nature of the environment (General considerations) The problems like market recession because of September 11 attacks required a thorough analysis. O'Leary did this very well in comparison to competitors and also with other industries. It helped in assessing the situation correctly into true perspective. His research and evaluation team gave him correct input. The market research was one of the tools used by O'Leary. A correct and true analysis was the key of success of O'Leary. He understood that although situation is quite turbulent but it can be brought under control. He was able to make correct decisions because of these comparative

Gorbachev's Reforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gorbachev's Reforms - Essay Example Through these structural reforms which were meant to broaden the opportunities for the popular movements and the political parties so as to gain influence, Gorbachev made it easy for the orthodox communists, populist forces and nationalist to go against his wishes and oppose his efforts to revitalize and liberalize the soviet communist. This led to different opinions with some advocating for the liberalizing of the Soviet Union, others wanted the republics to be independent while the rest demanded for the restoration of old ways of the soviet union. These forces from below, top and sideways could not be compromised by Gorbachev leading to the consequent fall the Soviet Union.1 Between the year 1969 and 82 is when the reforms for Soviet Union stalled but generational shift introduced these demand s for the reform. There was change on the relations with the US after Reagan was elected and was against the Soviet Union and further termed it as the evil empire and his initiative to build a strong defense system (star wars) which the Soviet Union could not compete with. The public was not satisfied with the Moscow government because of the war in Afghanistan and the Chernobyl catastrophe gave the Glasnost and Perestroika which were introduced by Gorbachev gain momentum but eventually led to fall of the Soviet Union.2 After many years of stagnation new thinking younger communists emerged and after the death of Chernekno Konstantin made is ease the elected general secretary rise to leadership. Though he was relatively young he introduced a new momentum that advocated for economic and political liberation with better trade relation with the west. By 1866 when Gorbachev was introducing the Glasnost and Perestroika programs, the union was already suffering from supply shortages and inflation due to black market practiced by official economy. The state subsidies and cost of superpower were not proportional to the economy of the soviet and the union was craving for the unmatched western technology.3 One of the radical economic reforms was put in place in May 1988, the cooperative law that allowed the private ownership of manufacturing, retailing and al l other business including the foreign business and this became the soviet scene. A conference convened in 1987 by an economist who was as adviser to Gorbachev concluded that political openness was essential to pressure those who were opposing his economic reforms, the conservatives, to support his initiatives. This resulted to increased freedom of press and speech, many political prisoners were released, and public opinion polls could be conducted without restriction. The government records became accessible and gender studies were introduced. Gorbachev introduced democratization which came had in had with multi party elections in January 1988 in the Soviet Union. This was followed by the CPSU's 19th party conference that reduced the ruling party's control of the government. A legislative body (congress of people's deputies) was approved in December 1988 and the elections to that congress were held the following year in March-April. The first president of the Soviet Union was Gorbachev who was elected on 15th of March 1990. Flow of uncontrollable events made it inevitable to dissolve the Soviet Union despite efforts to by Gorbachev to meet his promises as

Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factorys sweet success Essay Example for Free

Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factorys sweet success Essay The major competing sweet producers Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory and Hershey’s company have different business strategies, which give them distinct status in the market of the USA. RMCF is concerned in its perspectives and long-term goals to make the company more profitable and successful in the sphere of chocolate business. Hershey’s company deals with the short-term objectives and tries to obtain profit in an abridged period of time. The business strategy of profit-making Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory has the competitive advantage over prosperous Hershey’s company in corporate governance, organizational structure and confection distribution in the USA. The first difference between the companies is that the corporate governance of RMCF is structured more efficiently than Hershey’s. Corporate governance of RMCF consists of directors who have equal rights. RMCF administers its main rules with three to nine directors (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012, p263). Despite the main principals, the specific board of directors operates as a head of the whole organization and it is able to elect directors itself. This condition is likely to motivate the directors, so they try to accomplish their part of business as accurate as possible. Shareholders have a right to vote in yearly meetings and they can have an influence on the election of the potential directors by giving the additional number of votes (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012, p264). In consequence, the shareholders who have invested money into the company can be confident in the liability of the people to whom they give the opportunity to control the business. Unlike RMCF the Hershey’s c ompany has different types of directors who have their special responsibilities in conducting the business. The governance of the company consists of three types of directors, namely independent, informed and engaged, also a board of directors, which perform various functions in management. Such a bureaucratic structure makes the decision-making process more complicated and creates difficulties with the overall performance of the company. Board members of the company can easily intervene into the tasks of the workers and they can hire new employees without any restrictions (The Hershey Company, 2013). This action may disrupt employees from work and directors can have another option that will not be considered due to their limited liability. Corporate governance of Hershey’s company does not include the participation of shareholders in arranging managers for the firm, so the shareholders are not aware of the financial environment of the company. Thus, the exact number of directors and the role of the Board of directors make the RMCF’s governance organized in a beneficial form, whereas Hershey’s faces several difficulties with it. The second privilege of RMCF is an adept and profit-seeking organizational structure. RMCF has its own shops and franchises which are situated in the regional malls, tourist-oriented retail areas, ski resort, specialty retail centers, airports, neighborhood centers, and factory outlet malls (Harrison, 2003, p240). This location of the chocolate shops creates positive selling opportunities by attracting customers and promoting the product as well. According to the Success Magazine, in 1995-96 the Rocky Mountain was in the seventh position of the 100 top franchisers (cited in Harrison, 2013, p420). Spreading its name recognition through company-owned stores and franchisers, RMCF had gained such a high result in determining its market force and competitive advantage over a majority of companies working in the same field. Crail (1996) states ‘We find the location, negotiate the lease, design the store, coordinate the build-out, bring the franchise here for training, send a distinct manager to the store opening, and have ongoing field support and regional and national convention’ (cited in Harrison, 2003, p420). Taking into consideration all the aspects of organizing the structure of the whole business helps RMCF achieve success without any inadvertences. For example, the total revenue of the company in 1995 was 13,616, 134 USD and up to 1998, it had a tremendous increase showing 23,763,82 USD (Harrison, 2003, pp.423-424). In contrast to RMCF’s organizational structure, Hershey’s company decided to form special commercial groups in order to obtain the significant part of the market share (New Organizational Structure to Leverage U.S. Scale and Accelerate Global Growth, 2005). They were aimed to spread the producing companies all around the world. Hershey’s has its selling premises in 50 countries of the world (Keidel et al., 2010). The company was not concerned in the thorough organization of its structure; that is why it had to fund its company in other countries too. To summarize, RMCF establishes its franchises around the USA and increases the sales by allocating stores in the places with target audience while Hershey’s fail in organizing the right structure, consequently the company has to move into the market of foreign countries. The third quality that makes the business strategy of RMCF more valuable rather than Hershey’s is product distribution. RMCF delivers its products through shipments to distribution outlets from the premise of manufacturing Durango, Colorado. Franchisees are not provided with the immense space to hold the goods, so they ask the company to give them the quantities that they are able to sell during 14 to 28 days (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012, p.26-10). By following this strategy, RMCF chocolate can be a reliable product in terms of freshness. ‘RMCF believed that it should control the manufacturing of its own products in order to better maintain its high product quality standards, offer unique proprietary products, manage costs, control production and shipment schedules, and pursue new or underutilized distribution channels’ (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012, p.26-10). At the same time, the Hershey’s company distributes its products through â€Å"grocery stores, mass merchandisers and drug stores and functions as a single entity†. More than the half of total sales is received from â€Å"merchandisers† and â€Å"supermarkets† (Keidel, et al., 2010). In case the Hershey’s has a delayed delivery; it needs to pay fine for the customers who will not promote Hershey’s products, so losses in sales and credibility will probably occur (Zsidisin, 2006). Hershey’s company faces losses of capital in the period of distribution process; the borders of the time that the delivery of the products should last are not clearly stated. That can be harmful for the customers as the chocolate products are likely to spoil through time. Taking all the aspects into consideration, RMCF is dominating in distribution by saving the quality of chocolates, whereas Hershey’s company is not able to protect freshness without dec reasing the budget of the Company in its business strategy. To conclude, Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory has more productive venture planning than Hershey’s company in controlling authority, confirmation scheme and product distribution. Controlling authorities in the RMCF have equal opportunities and reliabilities in business, while Hershey’s company is regulated mostly by a board of directors who can set the rules and hire the new employees without discussing with other directors. Conformation scheme of the companies differs from each other by allocating the stores and establishing the outlets. RMCF spreads its products to the places where many people can purchase them; in contrast, Hershey’s company delivers its products to particular stores. As RMCF is worried about its future goals, it achieves lucrative results, so Hershey’s company should also concentrate on its remote future aims.

Philip Pirrip Essay Example for Free

Philip Pirrip Essay The initial information that we derive from the opening paragraph is that, Philip Pirrip is known as Pip. Both of Pips parents have died, his tombstone, which informs us that his father has died and the inscription on this Also Georgina Wife of the Above. We immediately feel sympathy for Pip as he says I never saw my father or my mother, not even in a photograph. He does have a very vivid imagination however and from the tombstone the shape of the letters on my fathers gave me an odd idea that he was a square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair. This shows, from the slightest thing Pips imagination runs riot. Our hearts extend even more to the grief stricken Pip when we discover his five brothers are also dead, Sacred to the memory of five little brothers of mine, we perceive him to be a helpless young boy. We soon discover that he lives with his sister, and her husband, who is a blacksmith, as he replies when asked Who dye live with, My sister, sir Mrs Joe Gargery wife of Joe Gargery, the blacksmith, sir. The question is asked by a fearful man Pip encounters in the graveyard whilst visiting the graves of his deceased family. Dickens presents this man in a very explicit manner, this is to contrast the two characters. A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped, and shivered, and glared and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin. Pip pleads in terror pray, he is scared for his own safety, willingly he replies to any questions the man, a convict, poses to him. Dickens explicitly expresses Pips worry I was frightened again. We realise Pips sister is twenty years older and once more we feel for Pip, she had bought me up by hand. Pip finds homage from his terrible start in life and his meeting with the convict in Joe Gargery, his sisters husband, who Pip says was a fair man, he was a mild, good natured, sweet tempered, easy going dear fellow. In saying this he indicates to us his fondness of him. Dickens conveys the idea of his rough mistreatment by his sister, he reiterates the harshness of her care for Pip, by throwing me, and shes been on the rampage. Although Pip is young, he still has underminding values and thoughts, the guilty knowledge that I was going to rob Mrs Joe. He is always asking questions showing he is inquisitive. We also find out he is to be apprenticed to Joe showing his future appears mapped out and following a set route.  The character of Pip before his visit to Miss Havisham is one of admiration and security. Joe perceives Pip to be wonderful, what a scholar you are! He shows admiration for Pip, he is proud of his achievements, I should like to be. Pip in turn admires Joe. When I m pren gtd 2 u Jo wot larx. Showing hes looking forward to working with Joe. Joe and Pip are friends, Pip realises the goodness of Joe, Young as I was, I believe that I dated a new admiration of Joe from that night. We were equals, as we had been before I had a new sensation of feeling conscious that I was looking up to Joe in my heart, this shows Pips growing maturity, he sees and appreciates his relationship with Joe. Dickens portrays Joe as a loving, caring minder for Pip, and bring the poor little child. God bless the poor little child, and by saying that theres room for him at the forge Joe shows he has Pips best interests at heart. The crucial turning point and change in Pips character occurs during chapter 8 when Pip visits Miss Havishams. His initial reaction to Satis House, Miss Havishams residence, is one of apprehension, he doesnt think it looks friendly, old brick, and dismal, and had a great many iron bars to it. After his view of the house his outlook of the forthcoming acquaintance with Miss Havisham looks bleak. Pip is very shy when he meets Estella, he sees her as above him as his use of the term conductress shows. The meeting with Miss Havisham devastates the young happy Pip.  Pip is told what to do by Miss Havisham let me see you play cards, to which Estella replies why, he is a common labouring boy which hurts Pip, he feels upset at the scornful remark. Miss Havisham herself is cruel, she appears to enjoy making fun of Pip, she asks him what he thinks of Estella which causes Pip great discomfort, I dont like to say. Estella is constantly tormenting Pip, the turning point is when she exclaims he calls the knaves, Jacks, this boy! Adding and what coarse hands he has! And what thick boots! Pip feels ashamed, he reflects immediately on Estellas hurtful remarks I had never thought of being ashamed of my hands before; but I began to consider them a very indifferent pair. He relays his true emotions I was so humiliated, hurt, spurned, offended, angry, sorry, tears started to my eyes which shows he has clearly been affected by these remarks. Pips immediate angry reaction is to blame Joe for his upbringing, he determined to ask Joe why he had ever taught me to call those picture cards, Jacks. He wishes Joe had been rather more genteelly brought up, and then I should have been so too. This shows he wishes he could have an education. Pip sums up his meeting with Miss Havesham, I had seen, and deeply revolving that I was a common labouring boy; that my hands were coarse; that my boots were thick; that I had fallen into a despicable habit of calling Knaves, Jacks; that I was much more ignorant than I had considered myself last night, and generally that I was in a low-lived bad way. The quote shows Pips new outlook towards himself, and his new considered view of his image. Dickens uses the word despicable, this represents how Pip feels about himself at the present moment in time. After the visit to Miss Haveshams, Pip returns back home, the visit has greatly affected his self-esteem, bringing the character of Pip forward in a new light. Pip lies to his sister and Mr Pumblechook, about the dealings of his visit, I felt convinced that if I describes Miss Havesham as my eyes had seen it, I should not be understood. Showing Pip finds it easier to lie, than to face the truth about Estella and Miss Havesham. He doesnt want his sister not Mr Pumblechook, to find out the truth, I said as little as I could. Showing he has no intention of revealing anything about his encounter.

Review Of The Ielts Speaking Task English Language Essay

Review Of The Ielts Speaking Task English Language Essay Currently, the most popular language assessment such as Cambridge certificate exam, IELTS (The International English Language Testing System), TOEFL (The Test of English as a Foreign Language ) and GRE (Graduate Record Examination ) are widely considered as a reliable means of assessing the language ability of test takers who need to study, work or immigrate where English is the language of communication. Take the IELTS exam for example, it is not only for the people who are ready to enter the university of instruction in English as the leading national education system designed for language testing, but also for testing English level of people who prepare to settle this countries. IELTS is one of the most widely used in various countries like study abroad: the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, the United States, etc; Immigration: Australia, New Zealand and Canada. It is widely used large-scale ESL tests and played a pivotal role for peoples lives such as use for making critical dec isions about the candidates for their admission to university or immigration to foreign countries and so forth (Uysal, n.d.). It is owned by three partners which are the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, the British Council and IDP, Education Australia (Cambridge University, 2007). This language test involves four aspects: listening, speaking, reading and writing which can detection the test takers English proficiency as the applicants certification compliance. As for the test takers, the IELTS preparation course is to improve the process of English, most of Chinese people have the weak link are writing and speaking. Speaking is the very basic and more difficult skill to access. If the test takers want to grasp this skill, they should take more time and energy to accumulate in daily life. As a result, this report aims to analysis the IELTS speaking test, notice the assessment of speaking, and evaluate the limitation of the speaking test. There are some advantages of IELTS exam built on the history of English language testing and assessment over this several years. It established a good reputation, its rating is impartiality and credibility, and is widely used in language testing institutions in many countries. According to IELTS Organization website, IELTS test takers and the organizations are depend on the IELTS test results benefit from IELTS continuing investment in quality assurance, to make sure the test remains orderly and relevant ( IELTS Organization, n.d.). At the beginning, the English Language Testing Service (ELTS) made the first test appearance in 1980 when it substituted for the English Proficiency Test Battery (EPTB), a traditional largely multiple choice test battery which had been used by the British Council in its students from overseas recruitment and employment since the mid 1960s for the objective of international applicants to universities and colleges in the UK (IELTS Organization, n.d ) This n ew model test use an innovative format which can influence the changes in language learning and development of language testing and assessment. IELTS is traditional as a pencil and paper test, it different from TOEFL which is as a computer-based test, and the IELTS speaking test is used one to one interview method to assess. It focuses on the communication from the test takers and through their performance to assess them in academic contexts and the fluency of language use. According to the official data, during the 1980s the test numbers were quite low (4000 in 1981 rising to 10,000 by 1985), it obviously shows that there were difficulties with the administration of the test which relates to the test items and time taken to complete the test (IELTS Organization, n.d ). From 1989 IELTS test candidates took two non-sepcialised models, listening and speaking, and two specialized model which are reading and writing. The non-specialised models are focus on test general English and the s pecialised models are used to test language skills in particular areas. Further modifications to the IELTS test were implemented in April 1995 with keeping with the commitment of the Partners to development in applying linguistic, teaching practice and measurement. There are three aspects of change: the original models are replaced by an academic reading module and an academic writing module; the difference in terms of the context and content between the Academic and General Training Modules; to ensure fairness relating to the test takers during the test (IELTS Organization, n.d). Discussion: The IELTS speaking test: General background information IELTS is different from TOEFL test, and its candidates faced questions not already recorded good specifications, but to directly face to the examiners which belongs to one on one interview and take between 11 and 15 minutes.. This is why the IELTS is more and more recognized by many people. IELTS consist of two major types which according to whether a candidate takes the academic or General Training version of the test. This speaking module assesses whether candidates can communicate effectively in English speaking. IELTS oral test is a system with a pattern, and the scoring with fairness and credibility. This module is divided three parts: part 1 is introduction and interview which the examiner introduces him/herself and confirms candidates identity, and the examiner interviews the test takers using oral questions selected from familiar topic frames with 4 5 minutes, the examiners will ask some basic questions to alleviate the tense mood of candidates; part 2 is individual long tur n in 3 4 minutes, including 1 min preparation time. This part is about examiner asks test takers to speak for 1 2 minutes on a particular topic based on written input in the form of general instruction and content prompts (Cambridge University, 2007). This stage is often more difficult to grasp for many candidates, and examiner invites candidates to participate in discussion of a more abstract concept such as issues and topic based on the oral questions thematically linked to part two. This part will last 4 5 minutes. The whole oral test tends to daily life, and more colloquial. In the IELTS speaking section, the examiner is also a commentary by the four analytical subscales at the nine bands: fluency and coherence; lexical resource; grammatical rang and accuracy; pronunciation (Cambridge University, 2007). These four criteria are equally weight. IELTS speaking test is the weak link to many test takers, and a considerable number of test takers is difficult to obtain high score. The test takers need to look at the IELTS speaking module score standards to overcome this difficulty at the beginning. The examiner has a set of criteria by which he or she assesses the test takers communication skills in these three parts. However, in the examination process, candidates manners and other personal factors will influence on the examiner score, this is not be ignored. 2.2 Reliability issues IELTS test is significant not only for study and immigration, currently more and more foreign enterprises are recognized by foreign companies as an objective, fully reflect the standard of English level for the candidates, especially in China. These IELTS test takers with this certificate apply for the job opportunity, especially for foreign commonwealth countries, they often have a greater competitive advantage. In recent years, as authorized IELTS score of countries and institutions increased, there are many people are concerned about this test. All the colleges and universities in commonwealth countries accredited IELTS score, and this test also recognized as the only English test in Australia. There are more people interested in rater reliability, this is because rater reliability is not possible to achieve as there is great variation even when standardization procedures to improve reliability have been undertaken. The second generalization from the discussion was that participan ts were in effect talking about that standardization procedures to make raters more reliable were stricter generally'(Langley, n.d.). Uysal (n.d.) points out IELTS test claims that the use of analytic scales is helpful for higher reliability as impressionistic rating and norm referencing are discouraged, and greater discrimination across bands is achieved. In the second place, raters tented to adhere to the assessment scale step by step, beginning with task achievement then moving on to the next criterion. It is understood that, scoring rules is to facilitate foreign institutions, embassies, and other employers have received IELTS students, staff test the effectiveness of the organization have a more intuitive understanding, so that they can recognize the scientific nature of the IELTS test and the reliability of the test result. The publication score of standard rules is also significant for the test takers, they can use the benefits of this rules. The test takers can be targeted for information through the detailed score standard, and the rating published rules in favor of analysis the scores for the test takers, and reduce the errors. At the same time, the strict processes used to produce the test materials ensure that every version of the test is of a comparable level of difficulty, so that they can ensure the fairness for the candidates and the results of the test takers are consistent wherever and whenever they take the test (IELTS Organization, n.d.). During the speaking test, t he main task type is interaction of test takers with examiner, in the first part, the candidates talk to the examiner like free conversation, it is easy to help the candidates to access to main topic. According to the view of Luoma (2004), he considers that speaking skills can be grouped for three points: routine skills which involving interaction with the examiner and get the useful information; improvisation skills contain negotiation of meaning and management of interaction; the last is microlinguistic elements, which is belongs to phonology, grammar and lexis. These are main aspects for examiners to test the English level for the test takers. The aim of the test and practical circumstances in which it will be settled set the general guidelines. However the most important point when designing tasks is the construct-related information that the scores must deliver, or the score users need to know about the examinees speaking skill (Luoma, 2004). validity issues During the IELTS speaking test, there are many different dimensions to validity. Cohen (1994) maintains that validity is generally considered the most significant aspect of assessment. In its simplest definition, validity refers to whether the assessment instrument actually measures what it purports to measure.Tests are validated by systematically collecting the data to support the correct form and intend to use of the assessment. And the assessment should be used to classify English language proficiency during the test. In the construct validity which is refers to the extent to the scores from the assessment instrument, it can measure the ability of the test takers in English (study guide, 2006). IELTS results are reported on a nine band scale, this score for all language ability which is fair for each test takers. The examiners based on the performance to judge the language ability. In the consequential validity, it relates to the social impact of the test (study guide, 2006). It h as positive effect for the society. IELTS test is increasingly accepted by academic institutions in European where English is used for study, immigration and employment. At last, the most important is face validity which refers to whether the test is acceptable to the candidates and other stakeholder like university admissions officers (study guide, 2006). And during the whole oral test, face validity will influence the performance of attitudes towards to the test for the test takers and also impact on the results of the test. The IELTS speaking task is to assess the test takers oral language skills, there is a range of topics is covered from common daily life such as family, lifestyle, transport, etc, and there are some challenging topics like technology, education, society and some of science knowledge involving weather, pollution, environment and so forth. During the process of test, the examiners will record the conversation with the test takers and get the feedback from the can didates as soon as possible and then give the evaluation correctly. During these several decades, the assessment of IELTS test become more perfect, through the collection of evidence made by candidates, and due to the development of the society, this test will change with the English standard of the whole world. 2.4 limitations IELTS test is as the point of internationalization to start, which contains western culture, geography, history and customs of other knowledge to the majority in Australia and the United Kingdom. It applies the traditional written and oral method to have the exam, which can express the content for people, but it also has a lot of its own shortages in the examination, such as the examiners subjective meaning of the test and some man-made factors. Firstly, IELTS speaking test does not change in recent years. IELTS exam in reading, writing and listening comprehension made some changes, but the oral part has not change, many test takers mentions that the oral test are not new, the topics are old-fashioned, and there are many books are for the IELTS exam to help the candidates to get high marks. There is more common situation that during the oral test, the test takers talk about the content basically similar for the same topic, it is so boring for the examiners. As the reason of the old questions, many candidates in the exam preparation should be collected more formal questions before, therefore, IELTS speaking does not only detect language ability of students, but also inspect the preparation before the work is complete. They also noted that preparing the answer to be informative and simple on the structure, not answer too complex and lengthy. Sometimes some candidates do not even play out their true level of English. Secondly, during the IELTS speaking test, it is obviously exit the differences in the thinking of western culture. Some IELTS speaking assessors have too much to do and they are not reliable. According to the study guide, it maintains that methods for designing a rating scale may be intuitive or empirical. Intuitive methods use expert judgment about what to include in the scale, and these scales are often based on existing rating scales, or a need analysis and use a native speaker ideal. Empirical methods may be data-based or empirical (study guide, 2006). In addition, some examiner exist some subjective meaning of the test, it is not fair for the test takers. So some non-native speakers cannot get high score is related to some private reasons. And even some examiners have prejudice for some students, and even the first impression will impact the mood of the examiners. Moreover, there are many differences in the model of thinking between western and the other countries, especially Ch inese test takers. When they communicate with foreigners, they would know the western countries culture to talk with them and seize the key point to increase the interest to them, in contrast, at the beginning of the oral test, they cause the examiner do not interested in what they said and want to over the conversation immediately. As a result, it is more important of the examiners to mark criteria which are as clear as possible, so that the score reliability is more significant for every test takers, they need correct evaluation in the oral test. It is more preferable to have the record for the test taker, which is a effective evidence that will lead to reliable scoring. At last, the examiners sometimes will also affect the mood of the candidates, because of the need for a long time to test the candidates, they often feel tired which can impact on the results of the test takers. These artificial factors are inevitable, so that it also can influence the fairness of the examination. Finally, English speaking test can sometime give the candidates some errors which can mislead the test takers, they simply think that this is an oral exam, they as long as use the basic language of daily life during the free conversation. However, IELTS speaking test focus on the formal expression not idioms or slang. Take the Chinese people for example, when foreigners communicate with Chinese people, they often use formal English, rarely use idiom which is conventional terms, its true meaning is different from the composition of words. And they use less slang which is informal idiom, different occupations and areas have different meanings (Wikipedia). For most Chinese candidates, IELTS test is one of the most sensitive. As the reason of the backward of English teaching, many candidates have less time to contact with foreigners. This also key point of the influence low score for the test takers. Conclusion In conclusion, IELTS speaking test is a comprehensive English language ability of candidates to the examination. The oral test has been modified as a result of many subjects which can help them to improve understanding of the test and task design for assessing the oral test ability. They also hope that the new test format, strict training and monitoring of the examiners performance will result in a oral test which can lead to fair and reliable for the test taker, which can help the them to improve English level. IELTS exam is the comprehensive exam in English for the test takers ability assessment in the same difficulty of the highest level of English proficiency test. IELTS score are accredited by all colleges and universities in the commonwealth countries. many people who wants to study abroad, as long as get the requirements of IELTS scores to the universities, they do not take part in other types of language tests any longer. In the other hand, English proficiency is the recruitm ent of the Chinese employees in foreign companies is one important criterion, and this test is considered as an objective, comprehensive response to the standard of English for the candidates. It can fully improve the ability of English for the test takers in four skills: listening, reading, writing and speaking. Oral test plays an important role of the whole examination, because of the proceeding from the actual level and increasing verbal communication. If the candidates want to get a good mark, the most effective strategy is understand fully and practice speaking test to achieve a high score. As for the test takers they should calculate more useful information in the daily life, and learn more authentic culture, try to communicate with foreigner which can make more confident during the test. In addition, the IELTS training institutions should be responsible for each candidate, try to be fair and reliable for the test takers and make the error is reduced to a minimum.